한정사 Determiners
공부 2008/05/09 20:46Determiners
Nouns are often preceded by the words the, a, or an. These words are called DETERMINERS. They indicate the kind of reference which the noun has. The determiner the is known as the DEFINITE ARTICLE. It is used before both singular and plural nouns:
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| the taxi | the taxis |
| the paper | the papers |
| the apple | the apples |
The determiner a (or an, when the following noun begins with a vowel) is the INDEFINITE ARTICLE. It is used when the noun is singular:
- a taxi
a paper
an apple
The articles the and a/an are the most common determiners, but there are many others:
- any taxi
that question
those apples
this paper
some apple
whatever taxi
whichever taxi
Many determiners express quantity:
- all examples
both parents
many people
each person
every night
several computers
few excuses
enough water
no escape
Perhaps the most common way to express quantity is to use a numeral. We look at numerals as determiners in the next section.
Numerals and Determiners
Numerals are determiners when they appear before a noun. In this position, cardinal numerals express quantity:
- one book
two books
twenty books
In the same position, ordinal numerals express sequence:
- first impressions
second chance
third prize
The subclass of ordinals includes a set of words which are not directly related to numbers (as first is related to one, second is related to two, etc). These are called general ordinals, and they include last, latter, next, previous, and subsequent. These words also function as determiners:
- next week
last orders
previous engagement
subsequent developments
When they do not come before a noun, as we've already seen, numerals are a subclass of nouns. And like nouns, they can take determiners:
- the two of us
the first of many
They can even have numerals as determiners before them:
- five twos are ten
In this example, twos is a plural noun and it has the determiner five before it.
Pronouns and Determiners |
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| This is a very boring book | This book is very boring |
| That's an excellent film | That film is excellent |
As this table shows, determiners always come before a noun, but pronouns are more independent than this. They function in much the same way as nouns, and they can be replaced by nouns in the sentences above:
| This is a very boring book | ~Ivanhoe is a very boring book |
| That's an excellent film | ~Witness is an excellent film |
On the other hand, when these words are determiners, they cannot be replaced by nouns:
| This book is very boring | ~*Ivanhoe book is very boring |
| That film is excellent | ~*Witness film is excellent |
The personal pronouns (I, you, he, etc) cannot be determiners. This is also true of the possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his/hers, ours, and theirs). However, these pronouns do have corresponding forms which are determiners:
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| The white car is mine | My car is white |
| Yours is the blue coat | Your coat is blue |
| The car in the garage is his/hers | His/her car is in the garage |
| David's house is big, but ours is bigger | Our house is bigger than David's |
| Theirs is the house on the left | Their house is on the left |
The definite and the indefinite articles can never be pronouns. They are always determiners.
The Ordering of Determiners
Determiners occur before nouns, and they indicate the kind of reference which the nouns have. Depending on their relative position before a noun, we distinguish three classes of determiners.
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I met |
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friends |
A sentence like this is somewhat unusual, because it is rare for all three determiner slots to be filled in the same sentence. Generally, only one or two slots are filled.
Predeterminers
Predeterminers specify quantity in the noun which follows them, and they are of three major types:
1. "Multiplying" expressions, including expressions ending in times:
- twice my salary
double my salary
ten times my salary
2. Fractions
- half my salary
one-third my salary
3. The words all and both:
- all my salary
both my salaries
Predeterminers do not normally co-occur:
- *all half my salary
Central Determiners
The definite article the and the indefinite article a/an are the most common central determiners:
- all the book
half a chapter
As many of our previous examples show, the word my can also occupy the central determiner slot. This is equally true of the other possessives:
- all your money
all his/her money
all our money
all their money
The demonstratives, too, are central determiners:
- all these problems
twice that size
four times this amount
Postdeterminers
Cardinal and ordinal numerals occupy the postdeterminer slot:
- the two children
his fourth birthday
This applies also to general ordinals:
- my next project
our last meeting
your previous remark
her subsequent letter
Other quantifying expressions are also postdeterminers:
- my many friends
our several achievements
the few friends that I have
Unlike predeterminers, postdeterminers can co-occur:
- my next two projects
several other people
출처 : http://www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/determin/xdetm1.htm
이익훈 E-TOEFL Grammar는 매우 체계적으로 설명이 되어 있지만, 한 두가지 부족한 것을 여기서 설명하고 있다. 이익훈 E-TOEFL Grammar에서는 전치 한정사는 두 번 나올 수 없다고 못박았지만, 여기선 Predeterminers do not normally co-occur: *all half my salary. 이렇게 설명해서 보통 같이 안쓰인다고만 설명하고 all half my salary를 예로 들어줬다. 또 후치 한정사의 용례가 적은데 반해 여기선 잘 나와 있다.
